Therefore, vitamin E has a strong antioxidative effect in human melanocytes by scavenging free radicals, stabilizing carotenoids, and protecting against UVA-induced oxidative damage
Biphasic effect of exogenous nitric oxide on proliferation and differentiation in skin derived keratinocytes but not fibroblasts
10.1016/j.phymed.2018.07.009 Phytomedicine
Here is an honest summary of what you can and cannot expect: What You CAN Realistically Expect Measurably softer, smoother skin texture within 34 weeks Visible reduction in fine lines, especially around the eyes, by weeks 48 Significantly firmer, more lifted-feeling skin by weeks 812 Reduced redness and improved skin tone uniformity from early weeks Improved healing of acne scarring, post-procedure recovery, and damaged skin A progressive, compounding improvement that continues building over months Hair thickness improvements with consistent scalp application over 812 weeks What You Should NOT Expect Dramatic wrinkle erasure in 12 weeks (those claims involve misleading photography or film-forming agents) Botox-equivalent muscle relaxation (GHK-Cu doesn't inhibit neurotransmitters that's Argireline/SNAP-8's role) Permanent results without ongoing use like all biological interventions, maintenance is required Identical results to someone else skin type, age, damage severity, and application consistency all affect outcomes GHK-Cu's results are directly proportional to consistency
Batandier C et al
